(Last Updated On: March 25, 2022)

SCARSSCARS SCARS - Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc. A government registered crime victims' assistance & crime prevention nonprofit organization based in Miami, Florida, U.S.A. SCARS supports the victims of scams worldwide and through its partners in more than 60 countries around the world. Incorporated in 2015, its team has 30 years of continuous experience educating and supporting scam victims. Visit www.AgainstScams.org to learn more about SCARS.™ Insight: Helping & Evaluating Older ScamScam A Scam is a confidence trick - a crime -  is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their trust through deception. Scams or confidence tricks exploit victims using their credulity, naïveté, compassion, vanity, irresponsibility, or greed and exploiting that. Researchers have defined confidence tricks as "a distinctive species of fraudulent conduct ... intending to further voluntary exchanges that are not mutually beneficial", as they "benefit con operators ('con men' - criminals) at the expense of their victims (the 'marks')". A scam is a crime even if no money was lost. Victims

SCARS strives to help scam victims and their families at the same time. Some of our articles are oriented towards victims, but some victims need broader help when they are unable to access the scam and their risks from future scamsScams A Scam is a confidence trick - a crime -  is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their trust through deception. Scams or confidence tricks exploit victims using their credulity, naïveté, compassion, vanity, irresponsibility, or greed and exploiting that. Researchers have defined confidence tricks as "a distinctive species of fraudulent conduct ... intending to further voluntary exchanges that are not mutually beneficial", as they "benefit con operators ('con men' - criminals) at the expense of their victims (the 'marks')". A scam is a crime even if no money was lost..

In these cases, it is necessary to approach the problem from a different perspective. Not from blamingBlaming Blame or Blaming is the act of censuring, holding responsible, making negative statements about an individual or group that their action or actions are socially or morally irresponsible, the opposite of praise. When someone is morally responsible for doing something wrong, their action is blameworthy. By contrast, when someone is morally responsible for doing something right, we may say that his or her action is praiseworthy. Blame imparts responsibility for an action or act, as in that they made a choice to perform that act or action. the victim, but from understanding some victims need to chose or have chosen for them a different approach to their financial management.

When Grandpa Gave Away the Farm: His Own Darn Fault, or a Case of Elder Abuse?

Cognitive capacity assessment tools can help identify seniors at risk of financial exploitation and equip family, law enforcement, or service providers to intervene.

Older adults can be vulnerable to financial abuse as their cognitive capacity declines. Poor judgment on money matters is hardly confined to one age group, of course. But a line is crossed when manipulative acquaintances (local or online), family members, or complete strangers compromise a senior’s own decision-making acumen.

The U.S. Department of Justice has long targeted elder financial abuse. A significant barrier to identification of such abuse has been difficulty distinguishing older adults’ authentic — even if at times regrettable — financial decision-making from incidents of manipulation by others.

To help separate cases of abuse from the exercise of seniors’ authentic judgment, researchers are crafting social science tools to quantify an individual’s capacity for financial judgment.

Establishing a baseline of a senior’s own cognitive capacity can enable justice system actors, clinicians, and social service providers to pin down, and then act upon, cases of financial abuse of the elderly.

A National Institute for Justice (NIJ) sponsored study led by Peter A. Lichtenberg, a psychology professor at Wayne State University (MI) and an expert in geriatric neuropsychology, has refined and evaluated three tools he developed to measure seniors’ financial judgment:

1. A financial decision rating scale — a measure of decision-making capacity assessing an individual senior’s actual financial decisions. Expanding on a framework first developed by Lichtenberg’s research team, the comprehensive rating scale consists of 68 items informing financial decision-making.
2. A financial decision screening scale — a tool to help intervening agencies and fiduciaries assess an individual’s financial decisional capacity and prevent exploitation.
3. A rating scale for friends and family members — a means to learn from those close to a senior important factual details and impressions that enhance understanding of that person’s decision-making ability.

Access the Interview Tools Here

Lichtenberg has made interview tools available on Older Adult Nest Egg. Free registration and online training are required to access the tools and some are available only to certified mental healthMental health Mental health, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is "a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community". According to WHO, mental health includes "subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others". From the perspectives of positive psychology or of holism, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and to create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how one defines "mental health". professionals. CLICK HRE: https://www.olderadultnestegg.com/

In the end, the research:

• Confirmed the comprehensive rating scale’s reliability and validated the conceptual model, finding that (as hypothesized) cognition is a predictor of financial risk — but with a caveat noting the rating scale’s inability to predict decision-making risk scores.
• Found that the screening scale had excellent internal consistency, supporting its use by service providers and advisors as a screening instrument in the field.
• Concluded that the friends and family rating scale “is a useful tool” for collecting data on an older adult’s ability to conduct a financial transaction, demonstrating adequate ability to detect the friend or family member’s concerns over financial exploitation. The findings are further discussed below.

Study Design and Data Analysis

To test the first of the three new tools, the Lichtenberg Financial Decision Rating Scale, the researchers interviewed a sample of 200 older adults who were in the process of making a significant financial decision or had made one in the preceding six months. Nearly three-quarters of the sample were females (74%), with slightly more than half (52%) African-American and slightly less (48%) non-Hispanic white. The minimum participant age was 60 and the mean age was 77.

Participants took part in interviews and in cognitive and financial testing sessions, with financial decisions in four categories deemed significant:

• (1) investment planning,
• (2) estate planning,
• (3) major purchases, and
• (4) gift giving.

To assess the second tool, the Lichtenberg Financial Decision Screening Scale, the researchers trained adult protective service workers, attorneys, and financial services professionals to deploy the 10-item scale with 213 participants. The mean age of participants was 77 and the majority (56.8%) were female.  (more details)

To test the third tool, the Lichtenberg Financial Decision Rating Scale—Friends and Family, the Wayne State team recruited and gathered data from 150 “informants,” that is, informal caregivers of an older adult. Of the sample, 83% percent were female. The caregivers were 18 to 88 years old, with a mean age of 62.2. They cared for senior adults ranging in age from 60 to 95, with a mean age of 72.7. The mean number of years the informant had known the senior was 42.7 years.

Measuring the tools’ effectiveness entailed a “factor analysis” statistical method to reduce multifaceted subjective concepts to a number on a linear scale. The method can create analytical clarity in cases where the structure of the data analyzed lends itself to reduction of a large number of variables into a small number of factors that can be expressed on a line, a quality known as “unidimensionality.” The method thus crunches multidimensional data into linear (that is, easily measured and compared) data. An example of scaling would be a statistical process reducing “self-worth,” a psychological concept with a number of component layers and high complexity, to a linear — unidimensional — measure, ranging from low to high self-worth.

The Wayne State team’s factor analysis led to findings shaped by quantification of subjective factors informing the comprehensive rating scale and the screening scale.

Findings

With respect to the Lichtenberg Financial Decision Rating Scale (the comprehensive rating scale), the tool demonstrated utility in assessing psychometric properties, which are properties related to the measure of psychological factors. That utility, the researchers concluded, supported its broad use going forward for gauging the financial judgment of older adults. The team developed long and short forms of the rating scale for use by clinicians in assessing financial judgment. As noted, the researchers’ analysis of the utility of the Lichtenberg Financial Decision Rating Scale confirmed that a subject’s cognition was a good predictor of financial risk scores, but “financial management scores…were not predictive of decision-making risk scores.”

With respect to the Lichtenberg Financial Decision Screening Scale (the screening tool designed to help social service professionals, clinicians, attorneys, and others identify seniors at financial risk), the research found the tool is a reliable, valid instrument with excellent internal consistency and clinical utility properties.

With respect to the Lichtenberg Financial Decision Rating Scale—Friends and Family (the rating scale for evaluating information received from friends and family of seniors), the researchers concluded the scale is a useful tool for collecting informant information on a senior’s ability to make a major financial decision.

Conclusion

Fighting financial abuse of seniors often requires reliably separating cases of an individual’s own deteriorating judgment from cases of undue influence — not a simple task. Development of standard social science instruments that can assess, at baseline, seniors’ financial judgment can go a long way toward equipping social service providers and law enforcement agencies to identify and react to wrongful manipulation of seniors’ financial assets.

The NIJ-sponsored research on rating and screening tools developed by Wayne State University tends to confirm their value for addressing an insidious social ill targeting some of our most vulnerable citizens.

Resources

• Older Adult Nest Egg helps assess the financial decision making of older adults by providing training, tools and resources for professionals, caregivers and older adults themselves. Older adults lose billions of dollars each year to fraudFraud In law, fraud is intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain (money or other assets), or to deprive a victim of a legal right. Fraud can violate civil law (e.g., a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrator to avoid the fraud or recover monetary compensation) or criminal law (e.g., a fraud perpetrator may be prosecuted and imprisoned by governmental authorities), or it may cause no loss of money, property, or legal right but still be an element of another civil or criminal wrong. The purpose of fraud may be monetary gain or other benefits, for example by obtaining a passport, travel document, or driver's license, or mortgage fraud, where the perpetrator may attempt to qualify for a mortgage by way of false statements. A fraud can also be a hoax, which is a distinct concept that involves deliberate deception without the intention of gain or of materially damaging or depriving a victim., identity theftIdentity Theft Identity theft is when someone uses another person's personal identifying information, without their permission, to commit fraud or other crimes. In both the U.K. and the United States it is the theft of personally identifiable information. Identity theft deliberately uses someone else's identity as a method to gain financial advantages or obtain credit and other benefits, and perhaps to cause other person's loss. The person whose identity has been stolen may suffer adverse consequences, especially if they are falsely held responsible for the perpetrator's actions. Personally identifiable information generally includes a person's name, date of birth, social security number, driver's license number, bank account or credit card numbers, PINs, electronic signatures, fingerprints, passwords, or any other information that can be used to access a person's financial resources., and scams.  For more than a decade, gerontologist and researcher Dr. Peter Lichtenberg and his team have worked to prevent financial exploitation and reduce its impact on older adults. His assessments and interviews review significant financial decisions made by older adults to help identify and protect those who are vulnerable to undue influence, financial mismanagement and fraud. Explore the tabs for Professionals and For Family & Friends to learn more.  https://www.olderadultnestegg.com/ »

 

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