SCARS Institute’s Encyclopedia of Scams™ Published Continuously for 25 Years
A Brief History of Nigeria Scams & Scammers
History of Scams- A SCARS Institute Insight
Author:
• SCARS Institute Encyclopedia of Scams Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
Article Abstract
Nigerian scams, often referred to as “419 scams” after the section of the Nigerian Criminal Code dealing with fraud, have evolved from simple mail-based fraud to sophisticated internet scams targeting victims globally.
These scams emerged from a backdrop of economic hardship, political instability, and unemployment in Nigeria, particularly during the 1980s and 1990s. Early scams were often modeled on the “Spanish Prisoner” template, offering huge rewards in exchange for assistance.
With the rise of the internet in the 1990s, these scams expanded rapidly, allowing scammers to target a global audience through email, eventually leading to more complex fraud schemes such as romance and business scams.
A more extreme evolution, the “Yahoo Yahoo Plus” scammers, combine internet fraud with occult rituals to boost their success.
Despite efforts by Nigerian authorities and international law enforcement to curb these scams, they remain a significant global threat, exploiting human vulnerabilities and leaving lasting financial and emotional damage to their victims.
A Brief History of Nigeria Scams & Scammers
The History of Nigerian Scamming: How It Began and Evolved
Nigerian scamming, often referred to as 419 scams (after the section of the Nigerian Criminal Code dealing with fraud), has a complex history rooted in economic, political, and technological factors. These scams, which often involve promises of vast sums of money or romance schemes, have grown to become one of the most well-known forms of online fraud globally. To understand how Nigerian scams began, it is essential to look at the socio-political context of Nigeria, the technological developments that enabled them, and how these scams have evolved over time.
The Origins: Early Forms of Fraud
The origins of Nigerian scamming can be traced back to much older forms of fraud, predating the internet. The most infamous precursor was known as the Spanish Prisoner scam, which first appeared in the late 18th century. In this scam, victims were persuaded to part with their money to help a wealthy prisoner escape from Spain, with the promise of a large reward upon their release. This basic template of promising huge rewards in exchange for assistance, often requiring upfront payments or personal information, laid the foundation for modern Nigerian scams.
Nigeria in the 1980s: Economic Instability and Corruption
The rise of Nigerian scams can be directly linked to the economic instability and corruption that plagued Nigeria during the 1980s and 1990s. Nigeria, rich in natural resources like oil, saw its economy suffer due to mismanagement, corruption, and a series of military coups that destabilized the country. Unemployment rates soared, and many people found themselves struggling to make ends meet. This environment made fraud an attractive option for some individuals as a means of survival or quick wealth.
Nigerian scammers initially operated through traditional mail, sending out letters that targeted wealthy individuals or companies. These letters claimed to offer a share of non-existent fortunes or inheritance funds in exchange for “help” with upfront payments or bank account details. These early scams mirrored the “Spanish Prisoner” tactics but were adjusted for the economic climate and local corruption.
The Rise of 419 Scams in the 1990s
The term “419 scam” comes from Section 419 of the Nigerian Criminal Code, which deals with fraud and related offenses. As Nigeria became more notorious for these fraud schemes, the term “419” became synonymous with advance-fee fraud. In these scams, victims are promised a large sum of money if they help to transfer funds or pay certain fees, only to realize that the promised rewards were never real.
In the 1990s, Nigerian scams evolved with the growth of technology. Fax machines and early email technology made it easier to reach a broader audience. Scammers would send mass emails to thousands of people, hoping that at least a few would respond. This shotgun approach, combined with the desperation many scammers felt due to their own financial hardships, allowed 419 scams to flourish.
During this period, the Nigerian government, battling widespread corruption, had little control over the spread of fraud. Scammers found it easy to operate without serious legal repercussions, as law enforcement struggled to address the issue. Moreover, many scammers used a portion of their earnings to bribe officials, further entrenching fraud within the country’s economic and social fabric.
SCARS Institute’s own managing director Dr. Tim McGuinness began trying to educate the public about Nigerian Scams starting in 1991.
The Internet Boom and Global Expansion
The internet’s rise in the late 1990s and early 2000s revolutionized Nigerian scams, expanding their reach and scale. No longer limited to physical mail or fax machines, scammers could now easily target individuals across the globe using email. The Nigerian Prince scam became a well-known variant, where the scammer pretends to be a Nigerian royal or government official who needs help transferring a large sum of money out of the country. In exchange, the victim is promised a significant cut of the money once the transfer is complete.
With more sophisticated email systems, scammers learned how to manipulate victims by personalizing their messages and creating believable backstories. By the early 2000s, the 419 scam had become a global phenomenon. While many people learned to recognize the generic appeals of these emails, others—often those unfamiliar with online fraud—continued to fall prey, lured by the promise of easy riches.
The Origins of the Yahoo Boys
The origins of the Yahoo Boys in Nigeria trace back to the 1990s, during a time when the country was grappling with economic hardship, political instability, and widespread unemployment. With limited opportunities for legitimate employment, many young Nigerians turned to fraudulent schemes as a means of survival. The name “Yahoo Boys” stems from their use of Yahoo email accounts to carry out various internet scams, initially focusing on email fraud, where they impersonated wealthy individuals or officials seeking assistance to move large sums of money, promising significant rewards to those who helped. This form of fraud, known as the Nigerian Prince or 419 scam, laid the foundation for the rise of the Yahoo Boys as a notorious group of cybercriminals.
As the internet expanded and technology became more accessible, the Yahoo Boys adapted their tactics, moving from simple email scams to more elaborate schemes, such as romance scams, business fraud, and hacking. Many of these scammers would establish fake online relationships with victims, exploiting their emotions and trust to extract money. The Yahoo Boys gained further notoriety due to their ostentatious displays of wealth, often flaunting luxury cars, designer clothes, and expensive gadgets, which fueled a glamorized image of quick riches through internet fraud. Despite efforts by Nigerian law enforcement to crack down on cybercrime, the Yahoo Boys have continued to evolve their methods, using the anonymity of the internet to exploit victims globally.
Romance Scams and Other Variants
As Nigerian scammers gained more experience, they diversified their tactics, branching out into other forms of fraud. One of the most notorious offshoots is the romance scam, where scammers target vulnerable individuals, often older adults, through online dating platforms or social media. They establish a fake emotional relationship over time, only to ask for money later under various false pretenses, such as medical emergencies or travel expenses.
This type of scam plays on the emotional vulnerabilities of victims, making it difficult for them to break free, even when confronted with evidence of the fraud. Nigerian romance scams have ensnared countless victims worldwide, causing emotional and financial devastation.
Other variations include real estate fraud, employment scams, and fake lottery winnings, where scammers promise jobs, prizes, or property in exchange for upfront payments.
Black Axe Gang & Organized Crime Cartels in Nigeria
- Black Axe – Organized Criminal Enterprise Profile
- Black Axe – An Overview
- Nigerian Killer Bee Cybercrime Syndicate – Organized Criminal Enterprise Profile
- How Do Scammer Organizations Work? Nigerian & West African Scammers [UPDATED]
The Yahoo Yahoo Plus Cultist Scammers
The term “Yahoo Yahoo Plus” refers to a more extreme evolution of the traditional Yahoo Boys in Nigeria. While the original Yahoo Boys engaged in internet fraud through romance scams, email scams, and business fraud, Yahoo Yahoo Plus scammers incorporate occult rituals, or “juju,” into their fraudulent activities to enhance their chances of success. These scammers believe that performing these rituals, often overseen by spiritualists or witch doctors, will help them manipulate their victims more effectively, gain supernatural protection, or ensure continued financial gains.
The “Plus” in Yahoo Yahoo Plus represents this additional element of ritualistic practices. The occult rituals can range from simple offerings and sacrifices to more extreme practices, including the use of charms, animal sacrifices, or even rumors of more sinister rituals. These rituals are believed by the scammers to increase their luck, enhance their persuasive abilities, or protect them from law enforcement and failure.
Yahoo Yahoo Plus cultists often target vulnerable victims in scams such as romance fraud, business investment fraud, or inheritance fraud, exploiting both their emotions and financial resources. They may lure victims into trusting them through emotionally manipulative stories and then use their newfound “spiritual power” to further deceive and exploit the victims. This type of scamming has become notorious for blending traditional beliefs with modern internet fraud, highlighting the growing desperation and lengths to which some Nigerian scammers will go to achieve financial success.
Despite efforts by Nigerian law enforcement and international agencies to crack down on these scams, Yahoo Yahoo Plus scammers continue to evolve their tactics, making it a significant concern for global cybercrime investigators. The mix of technology and superstition makes these scams particularly difficult to combat, as the belief in spiritual protection further emboldens the scammers, pushing them to greater levels of deceit and exploitation.
The Impact on Nigeria’s Reputation
Unfortunately, the success of Nigerian scammers has significantly tarnished the country’s international reputation. The term “Nigerian scam” became synonymous with internet fraud, and many Nigerians face unwarranted suspicion in business dealings due to the actions of a relatively small group of individuals. Despite efforts by the Nigerian government and law enforcement to crack down on scammers, the issue remains pervasive due to economic struggles, corruption, and the ever-evolving nature of fraud.
Combating Nigerian Scams
In recent years, both the Nigerian government and international authorities have made efforts to tackle the problem of fraud. Agencies such as Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) have been established to investigate and prosecute fraudsters. Meanwhile, international law enforcement agencies, like Interpol and the FBI, have collaborated with Nigerian authorities to track and arrest scammers operating globally.
Public awareness campaigns have also been critical in educating potential victims about the tactics used in Nigerian scams. As scammers adapt and come up with new schemes, the focus has been on empowering individuals with knowledge, so they can recognize and avoid falling prey to these scams.
Summary
The history of Nigerian scamming is rooted in economic hardship, political instability, and a globalized world where technology has made it easier for fraudsters to reach victims. From the early days of mail-based fraud to sophisticated internet scams, Nigerian scammers have continued to evolve, finding new ways to exploit human vulnerabilities. While efforts are being made to combat this issue, the rise of scams reflects deeper socio-economic challenges, not just in Nigeria but globally. Educating individuals about these scams and encouraging vigilance remains one of the best defenses against this ongoing problem.
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A Note About Labeling!
We often use the term ‘scam victim’ in our articles, but this is a convenience to help those searching for information in search engines like Google. It is just a convenience and has no deeper meaning. If you have come through such an experience, YOU are a Survivor! It was not your fault. You are not alone! Axios!
A Question of Trust
At the SCARS Institute, we invite you to do your own research on the topics we speak about and publish, Our team investigates the subject being discussed, especially when it comes to understanding the scam victims-survivors experience. You can do Google searches but in many cases, you will have to wade through scientific papers and studies. However, remember that biases and perspectives matter and influence the outcome. Regardless, we encourage you to explore these topics as thoroughly as you can for your own awareness.
Statement About Victim Blaming
Some of our articles discuss various aspects of victims. This is both about better understanding victims (the science of victimology) and their behaviors and psychology. This helps us to educate victims/survivors about why these crimes happened and to not blame themselves, better develop recovery programs, and to help victims avoid scams in the future. At times this may sound like blaming the victim, but it does not blame scam victims, we are simply explaining the hows and whys of the experience victims have.
These articles, about the Psychology of Scams or Victim Psychology – meaning that all humans have psychological or cognitive characteristics in common that can either be exploited or work against us – help us all to understand the unique challenges victims face before, during, and after scams, fraud, or cybercrimes. These sometimes talk about some of the vulnerabilities the scammers exploit. Victims rarely have control of them or are even aware of them, until something like a scam happens and then they can learn how their mind works and how to overcome these mechanisms.
Articles like these help victims and others understand these processes and how to help prevent them from being exploited again or to help them recover more easily by understanding their post-scam behaviors. Learn more about the Psychology of Scams at www.ScamPsychology.org
Psychology Disclaimer:
All articles about psychology and the human brain on this website are for information & education only
The information provided in this article is intended for educational and self-help purposes only and should not be construed as a substitute for professional therapy or counseling.
While any self-help techniques outlined herein may be beneficial for scam victims seeking to recover from their experience and move towards recovery, it is important to consult with a qualified mental health professional before initiating any course of action. Each individual’s experience and needs are unique, and what works for one person may not be suitable for another.
Additionally, any approach may not be appropriate for individuals with certain pre-existing mental health conditions or trauma histories. It is advisable to seek guidance from a licensed therapist or counselor who can provide personalized support, guidance, and treatment tailored to your specific needs.
If you are experiencing significant distress or emotional difficulties related to a scam or other traumatic event, please consult your doctor or mental health provider for appropriate care and support.
Also read our SCARS Institute Statement about Professional Care for Scam Victims – click here to go to our ScamsNOW.com website.
Um artigo excelente.
This article was very timely! It helped me to be better informed about who these criminals/fraudsters are and the conditions that led them to commit such horrific acts. Thank you SCARS Institute for your wonderful research and thoughtful explanation.